1.
The present perfect
is a grammatical combination of the present
tense and the perfect
aspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences. The term is
used particularly in the context of English
grammar, where it refers to forms such as "I have left"
and "Sue has died". These forms are present because they use
the present tense of the auxiliary
verb
have, and perfect because they use that auxiliary in combination
with the past participle
of the main verb. (Other perfect constructions also exist, such as the past
perfect: "I had eaten.")
The present perfect
is a grammatical combination of the present
tense and the perfect
aspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences. The term is
used particularly in the context of English
grammar, where it refers to forms such as "I have left"
and "Sue has died". These forms are present because they use
the present tense of the auxiliary
verb
have, and perfect because they use that auxiliary in combination
with the past participle
of the main verb. (Other perfect constructions also exist, such as the past
perfect: "I had eaten.")
Kalimat
|
Rumus
|
Contoh Present Perfect Tense
|
positif
(+) |
S + aux.
verb(have/has) + V-3/past participle
|
I have
read
|
He has
left
|
||
negatif
(-) |
S + aux.
verb(have/has) + not + V-3/past participle
|
I have not
read
|
He hasn’t
left
|
||
interogatif
(?) |
aux.
verb(have/has) + S + V-3/past participle
|
Have I
read
|
Has he
left
|
The
simple past or past simple, sometimes called the preterite, is
the basic form of the past tense in Modern
English. It is used principally to describe events in the past, although it
also has some other uses. Regular English verbs form the simple past in -ed;
however there are a few hundred irregular verbs with different
forms. The term "simple" is used to distinguish the syntactical
construction whose basic form uses the plain past tense alone, from other past
tense constructions which use auxiliaries in combination with participles, such
as the past
perfect and past progressive.
Jenis Kalimat
|
Rumus
|
Contoh Simple Past Tense
|
positif
(+) |
S + Verb-2
(past tense)
S + be(was/were) |
The
teacher came
|
I was a
stamp collector
|
||
negatif
(-) |
S + did +
not + bare infinitive
S + be(was/were) + not |
The
teacher didn’t come
|
I wasn’t a
stamp collector
|
||
interogatif
(?) |
Did + S +
bare infinitive
be(was/were) + S |
Did the
teacher come
|
Was I a
stamp collector
|
2.
Subject verb agreement refers to the fact that the
subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number. In other words, they both
must be singular or they both must be plural. You can’t have a singular subject
with a plural verb or vice versa. The tricky part is in knowing the singular
and plural forms of subjects and verbs.
Singular and plural subjects, or
nouns, are usually pretty
easy. In most cases the plural form of a noun has an “s” at the end. Like this:
Car – singular
Cars – plural
Verbs don’t follow this pattern,
though. Adding an “s” to a verb doesn’t make a plural. Here’s what I mean:
Walk
Walks
Which one is the singular form
and which is the plural form? Here’s a tip for you. Ask yourself which would
you use with the word they and which would you use with he or
she.
He walks.
She walks.
They walk.
Since he and she
are singular pronouns walks is a singular verb. The word they
is plural so walk is the plural form.
Here are some more guidelines
for subject verb agreement.
1. When two singular
subjects are joined by the words or or nor a singular verb is
in order.
My sister or my brother is
meeting you at the airport.
2. Two singular subjects
joined by either/or or neither/nor also need a singular verb.
Neither Carla nor Jeff is
available to meet you at the airport.
Either Angie or Jeff is meeting
at the airport.
3.
possessive pronoun is used instead of a noun:
·
Julie's car is red. Mine is blue.
A possessive adjective is usually used to describe
a noun, and it comes before it, like other adjectives:
·
My car is bigger than her car.
Remember:
There are no apostrophes in possessive pronouns
and adjectives.
The dog wagged its tail.
“It's” is not a possessive pronoun or adjective
— it means “it is”:
It's not my dog.
4.
A
collective noun is:
- a word used to name a group of people, animals, or things
- similar to a non-countable noun and the opposite of a countable noun
- important for subject - verb agreement
For Examples:
·
a pride
of lions (refers to a group of lions)
·
a herd
of cattle (refers to a group of domestic cattle)
·
a flock
of birds (refers to a group of flying birds)
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